Effet of age and gender on myopic and hyperopic astigmatism

Abstract

Astigmatism is a common refractive error characterized by an irregularly shaped cornea or lens, leading to blurred vision at both near and far distances. While Astigmatism can occur independently, it often coexists with other refractive anomalies such as myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness). This study aims to investigate age and gender factors on the reciprocal relationship between different refractive anomalies and Astigmatism, shedding light on the potential influence of one anomaly on the severity and progression of the other. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing relevant studies, clinical observations, and theoretical frameworks. The findings suggest a complex interplay between refractive anomalies and Astigmatism. The presence of myopia or hyperopia can significantly affect the magnitude and orientation of Astigmatism. For instance, myopia tends to mask the effects of Astigmatism, making it less noticeable, while hyperopia can exacerbate astigmatic symptoms. Furthermore, the axis and degree of Astigmatism may influence the progression and development of myopia or hyperopia.Moreover, age and gender appear to influence this reciprocal effect, underscoring the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms.By advancing our understanding of the reciprocal effect between these conditions, along with the moderating effects of age and gender, we can perform clinical practice, treatment strategies, and the development of personalized interventions for individuals with these visual impairments.